Wednesday 22 March 2017

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Sunday 19 March 2017

Love


Archetypal lovers Romeo and Juliet portrayed by Frank Dicksee
Love is an emotion of strong affection and personal attachment.[1] In philosophical context, love is a virtue representing all of human kindness, compassion, and affection. In some religious contexts, love is not just a virtue, but the basis for all being, as in the Christian phrase, "God is love" or Agape in the Canonical gospels.[2] Love may also be described as actions towards others (or oneself) based on compassion.[3] Or as actions towards others based on affection.[4]
In English, the word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my partner"). "Love" can also refer specifically to the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love, to the sexual love of eros (cf. Greek words for love), to the emotional closeness of familial love, or to the platonic love that defines friendship,[5] to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love. [6] This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.
Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.
Science defines what could be understood as love as an evolved state of the survival instinct, primarily used to keep human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species through reproduction.[7]

Contents

  • 1 Definitions
  • 2 Impersonal love
  • 3 Interpersonal love
    • 3.1 Chemical basis
    • 3.2 Psychological basis
    • 3.3 Comparison of scientific models
  • 4 Cultural views
    • 4.1 Persian
    • 4.2 Chinese and other Sinic cultures
    • 4.3 Japanese
    • 4.4 Ancient Greek
    • 4.5 Turkish (Shaman & Islamic)
    • 4.6 Ancient Roman (Latin)
  • 5 Religious views
    • 5.1 Abrahamic religions
      • 5.1.1 Judaism
      • 5.1.2 Christianity
      • 5.1.3 Islam and Arab
    • 5.2 Eastern religions
      • 5.2.1 Buddhism
      • 5.2.2 Hinduism

Definitions

Part of a series on love
Heart icon red hollow.svg
Basic aspects
Charity
Human bonding
Chemical basis
Religious views
Philosophy of love
Historically
Courtly love
Types of emotion
Eroticism
Platonic love
Familial love
Romance
See also
Puppy love
Limerence
Love sickness
Love addiction
Human sexuality
Unrequited love
Valentine's Day
Sexual intercourse
Interpersonal relationship
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The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that English relies mainly on "love" to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love." Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.[8]
Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is sometimes contrasted with friendship, although the word love is often applied to close friendships.

Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 A.D., of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
When discussed in the abstract, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing (cf. vulnerability and care theory of love), including oneself (cf. narcissism). In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[9]

Two hands forming the outline of a heart shape.
Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to will the good of another."[10] Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value. Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[11]
Love is sometimes referred to as being the "international language", overriding cultural and linguistic divisions.

Impersonal love

A person can be said to love an object, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong spiritual or political convictions.[12] People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called paraphilia.[13]

Interpersonal love

Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple liking for another. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with interpersonal relationships.[14] Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania.
Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.

Chemical basis

Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.[15] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others; romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating; and attachment involves tolerating the spouse (or indeed the child) long enough to rear a child into infancy.

Simplified overview of the chemical basis of love
Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act in a manner similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[16]
Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.[16] Enzo Emanuele and coworkers reported the protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year.[17]

Psychological basis


Canadian marriage. Homosexual love -in fact, homosexuality itself- is punished by law in several countries of the world.
Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. American psychologist Zick Rubin seeks to define love by psychometrics. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[18] [19]
Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract." Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.[20] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.

Grandmother and grandchild, Sri Lanka
Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[21] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.
Noted psychologist Eric Fromm also maintained in his book "The art of loving" that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to ones commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time.[22] In this sense, Fromm held that love is ultimately not a feeling at all, but rather is a commitment to, and adherence to, loving actions towards another, ones self, or many others, over a sustained duration.[23] Fromm also described Love as a conscious choice that in it's early stages might originate as an involuntary feeling, but which then later no longer depends on those feelings, but rather depends only on conscious commitment.[24]

Comparison of scientific models

Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[15] Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views. Certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.

Cultural views

Persian

Rumi, Hafez and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. The Persian word for love is eshgh, derived from the Arabic ishq, however is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for 'doost dashtan' ('liking'). In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. Over seven centuries ago, Sa'di wrote:
The children of Adam are limbs of one body
Having been created of one essence.
When the calamity of time afflicts one limb
The other limbs cannot remain at rest.
If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others
You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man."

Chinese and other Sinic cultures

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

"Ai," the traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion. It can also be interpreted as a hand offering ones heart to another hand.
Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. A core concept to Confucianism is Ren ("benevolent love", 仁), which focuses on duty, action and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as filial piety from children, kindness from parent, loyalty to the king and so forth.
The concept of Ai (愛) was developed by the Chinese philosopher Mozi in the 4th century BC in reaction to Confucianism's benevolent love. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (jiān'ài, 兼愛). In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. Mohism stressed that rather than adopting different attitudes towards different people, love should be unconditional and offered to everyone without regard to reciprocation, not just to friends, family and other Confucian relations. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai (愛) was adopted to refer to a passionate caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment.
In contemporary Chinese, Ai (愛) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. Ai is used as both a verb (e.g. wo ai ni 我愛你, or "I love you") and a noun (such as aiqing 愛情, or "romantic love"). However, due to the influence of Confucian Ren, the phrase ‘Wo ai ni’ (I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment and loyalty. Instead of frequently saying "I love you" as in some Western societies, the Chinese are more likely to express feelings of affection in a more casual way. Consequently, "I like you" (Wo xihuan ni, 我喜欢你) is a more common way of expressing affection in Chinese; it is more playful and less serious.[25] This is also true in Japanese (suki da, 好きだ). The Chinese are also more likely to say "I love you" in English or other foreign languages than they would in their mother tongue.

Japanese

In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment. Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence," is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some sociologists have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.

Ancient Greek

Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. For example, Ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge, and xenia. However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.
Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."
Eros (ἔρως érōs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body."
Philia (φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."
Storge (στοργή storgē) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.
Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.

Turkish (Shaman & Islamic)

In Turkish, the word "love" comes up with several meanings. A person can love a god, a person, parents, or family. But that person can "love" just one person from the opposite sex, which they call the word "aşk." Aşk is a feeling for to love, or being "in love" (Aşık), as it still is in Turkish today. The Turks used this word just for their loves in a romantic or sexual sense. If a Turk says that he is in love (Aşık) with somebody, it is not a love that a person can feel for his or her parents; it is just for one person, and it indicates a huge infatuation. The word is also common for Turkic languages, such as Azerbaijani (eşq) and Kazakh (ғашық).

Ancient Roman (Latin)

The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love." Amāre is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[26] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus—"friend"—and amicitia, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.
Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection." Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.

Religious views

Abrahamic religions


Robert Indiana's 1977 Love sculpture spelling ahava in Israel

Judaism

In Hebrew, Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love between God and God's creations. Chesed, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings.
The commandment to love other people is given in the Torah, which states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). The Torah's commandment to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5) is taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. The 20th-century Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1).

Christianity


Sacred Love Versus Profane Love (1602–03) by Giovanni Baglione
The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "ascending" and "descending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[27]
There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.
  • Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.
  • Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."
  • Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.
Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."
The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poem in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:4–7, NIV)
The Apostle John wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (John 3:16–17, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (1 John 4:7–8, NIV)
Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, “I was in love with love.” Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as “jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention.” According to Saint Augustine, to love God is “to attain the peace which is yours.” (Saint Augustine's Confessions)
Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C.S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves. Benedict XVI wrote his first encyclical on "God is love". He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.[27]
In Christianity the practical definition of love is best summarised by St. Thomas Aquinas, who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed.[10] This is the explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people.

Islam and Arab

In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud, or "the Loving One," which is found in Surah [Qur'an 11:90] as well as Surah [Qur'an 85:14]. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself.
Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.

Eastern religions

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa and mettā are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.
The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish, altruistic love for all sentient beings.

Hinduism


Kama (left) with Rati on a temple wall of Chennakesava Temple, Belur
In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (artha) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kamadeva and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chennakeshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, India. Maara is another name for kāma.
In contrast to kāma, prema – or prem – refers to elevated love. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love.

20 celebrities with small boobs

It has always been a race between sumptuous boobs and ones that make very small bumps on blouses. While big boobs are considered by most to be an inherently feminine feature, there is quite a number of celebs who are scantily endowed but nevertheless don’t think of undergoing surgery to make their breasts more prominent. Yet they remain glaringly sexy – like Keira Knightley who takes pride in being flat-chested.
Keira Knightley for Chanel ad

Sienna Miller

Sienna Miller, for one, has a spot of philosophy to back her up, saying that besides the obvious kind of sexiness embodied in miniskirts and push-up bras there is inner sexiness that has to do with being comfortable with oneself. Yes, we often see her in roles that are not clear-cut sexy, yet in Maxim’s 2008 list of sexy women she occupied the 27th place.

Balthazar Getty and Sienna Miller in Italy

Katie Holmes

Katie Holmes made it into the TV Guide 2005 list and had Tom Cruise to prove her worth.
Tom Cruise & Katie Holmes divorce

Nicole Richie

Nicole Richie never let her small breast size bring her down, yet her husband is Madden about her and she is a Fashion Star.
Nicole Richie Weight

Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen

Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen don’t lay much store by overt sexiness either. They say it’s just not their style.
Related image

Debra Messing

Debra Messing has never aspired for a D cup, the TV Guide noted her as the Best-Dressing Woman of the year 2003 and she is doing fine in Will and Grace.
debra-messing

Cameron Diaz

Cameron Diaz made it into 4th place on the Maxim list of Hot 100 Women two years ago, and it was not for her tits which are all but nonexistent.
Cameron Diaz Surfing

Kristen Stewart

Kristen Stewart once owned up to “an aversion to looking sexy,” but these days are gone: 2008 saw her as The Movie Fanatic’s Hottest Young Actress and 2010 placed her 3rd in FHM Online Sexiest Women in the World.
Kristen Stewart at the MTV Movie Awards 2009

Maggie Q

Maggie Q’s hardly noticeable chest does nothing to diminish her sex appeal as Mai Shiranui on The King of Fighters, a fighting game turned movie.
maggie-q

Claire Danes

Claire Danes keeps collecting Emmies and Golden Globes for something other than unboastable boobies.
clare-danes

Sasha Grey

Sasha Grey is a superstar in her chosen field with credits in more than 200 adult movies and has a herd of fans.
sasha-grey

Agyness Deyn

Model Agyness Deyn has many magazines in her pocket although she has not a lot to show in terms of titties.
Deyn

Paris Hilton

Paris Hilton relies on her face much more than on what she is just not able to, and she has nothing else to long for.
Paris Hilton for Guess in Pink

Kate Hudson

Kate Hudson is the one for beach summer movies where she usually sports a fetching two-piece that reveals the fact that her chest is flattish. VH1′s 100 Hottest Hotties lists her 38th, though.
Kate Hudson Versace Dress

Natalie Portman

Natalie Portman may agree to have another set of boobs, but only if they are Scarlett Johansson’s; otherwise she is happy as she is.
Film Black Swan

Gwyneth Paltrow

Gwyneth Paltrow is comfortable in her body, is on the list of People Magazine’s 50 Most Beautiful People, and had two of the Sexiest Men Alive, Brad Pitt and Ben Affleck, under her belt. Fine work for a small-breasted one!
Gwyneth Paltrow

Milla Jovovich

Milla Jovovich topped the Australian Empire Magazine’s Sexiest Female Movie Star list back in 2002 as well as hitting Revlon’s “Most Unforgettable Women in the World” ad campaigns.
Milla Jovovich without Excess Pounds

Emma Watson

Emma Watson is probably too young to boast big boobs and will get ‘em yet, but even like she is she grabbed the 3rd spot on Empire Magazine’s 100 Sexiest Movie Stars list.
People Tree collection ads

Kate Moss

Kate Moss collected a lot of attention and recognition, being chosen the sexiest woman of all time by men’s magazine “Arena” when she was 30; in 2005 Britain’s Glamour magazine named her the world’s best dressed woman picked out of about 8,000 contenders.
Kate Moss for Dior Addict Extreme Lipstick 1

Charlize Theron

Charlize Theron is ready to trade her looks for wisdom as she is getting on, but according to the Esquire magazine she was the Sexiest Woman Alive 6 years ago, and is still holding on well!
Charlize Theron

Olivia Wilde

Olivia Wilde was PETA’s 2010 Sexiest Vegan Celebrity and has other luminaries who agree with it – like Megan Fox, who owned up to being attracted to her in a GQ interview.
Justin Timberlake and Olivia Wilde
If a boob job is not an option, there are ways of making breasts bigger by means of exercising.

Tunnel Farming

Sharply increasing population,expanding residential colonies and minimizing agriculture land has forced every person to think about, how the demand of food can be satisfied? Tunnel farmingis the part of this thinking. Due to low temperature and frost from December toFebruary, it is not possible to cultivate crops in the open fields. Tunnel farming is introduced to get early and high production of summer crop of vegetables. As tunnel is covered with plastic sheet, the temperature inside the tunnel remains normal in severe cold. For this reason of severe cold and frost the growth of the plants continues. Modern farmers are adopting this advance way / mode of farming. Hence summer vegetables like tomato, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, bell pepper are produced successfully in huge quantity.
TYPES OF TUNNEL (With Respect to Height)


  • High Tunnel (9 to 12 ft)


  • Walk in Tunnel(6ft)


  • Low Tunnel(3ft) AdvancedStucture.


  • Types of TUNNEL (With Respect to Stucture)

  • Angle iron, pipe, iron rod Tunnel


  • Mulberry Sticks tunnel


  • Bamboo tunnel


  • MAINTAINING TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE TUNNEL:
    recommended temperature for vegetables cultivation in tunnel. Doors are opened for the maintenance of the temperature inside the tunnel and to prevent the plants from diseases attack.
    ADVANTAGES OF TUNNEL FARMING:
    Tunnel farming not only helps toget early crop,it also helps in getting more production per acre as compared to traditional farming. For this reason the duration of availability of the vegetables increased and the prices become stable. On the other hand the employment opportunities generate and income of the farmer increases.
    COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL FARMING AND TUNNEL FARMING

  • More plantation per Kanal.


  • Maximum profit on early crop.


  • Use of hybrid seeds that give maximum production.


  • Best use of urea and irrigation.
  • Terrific Terrapin Necklace

    This too cool turtle isn't shy - he's just waiting to be added to your next elegant ensemble! Featuring geometric detailing and heart-shaped cutouts on its belly, this nifty necklace looks great with a simple white tee and skinnies, or lying against the bodice of a boho maxi dress. Bring this jaunty piece of jewelry into your collection for a chic conversation piece!


    Pakistan's richest Top 10



    1 - Mian Muhammad Mansha Yaha Pakistan
    Ranking: 1, Worth: £1.25b ($2.5billion), Industry: Businessman

    2 - Asif Ali Zardari Pakistan
    Ranking: 2, Worth: £900m ($1.8billion), Industry: Politics

    3 - Sir Anwar Pervaiz UK
    Ranking: 3, Worth: £750m ($1.5billion), Industry: Businessman

    4- Nawaz Sharif & Shahbaz Sharif family Saudi Arabia/Pakistan
    Ranking: 4, Worth: £700m ($1.4billion), Industry: Politics/Businessman

    5 - Saddaruddin Hashwani Pakistan
    Ranking: 5, Worth: £550m ($1.1billion), Industry: Businessman

    6 - Nasir Schon & family U.A.E/Pakistan
    Ranking: 6, (tied at 6) Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

    7 - Abdul Razzaq Yakoub & family U.A.E
    Ranking: 6 (tied at 6), Worth: £500m ($1billion), Industry: Businessman

    8 - Rafiq Habib & Rasheed Habib Pakistan
    Ranking: 7, Worth: £450m ($900), Industry: Businessman

    9 - Tariq Saigol & Nasim Saigol Pakistan
    Ranking: 8, Worth: £425m ($850), Industry: Businessman

    10 - Dewan Yousaf Farooqui Pakistan
    Ranking: 9 (tied at 9), Worth: £400m ($800), Industry: Businessman

    Top 5 of the world most strange cars